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Constructive Journalism is an emerging domain within journalism that is slowly getting grounded within academia 〔Gyldensted, Cathrine ("Innovating News Journalism through Positive Psychology" ). "University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons". 1 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 〔Curry, Alexander L. & Hammonds, Keith H. ("The Power of Solutions Journalism" ). "University of Texas at Austin". 1 August 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 and involves the field of communication that is based around reporting positive and solution- focused news, instead of revolving around negative and conflict- based stories.〔Gyldensted, Cathrine ("You will not believe what Upworthy can teach the media about sustainability" ). "The Guardian". 14 August 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕〔Sillesen, Lene Bech ("Good news is good business, but not a cure-all for journalism" ). "Columbia Journalism Review". 29 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 It aims to avoid a negativity bias and incorporates findings from positive psychology research to produce novel frameworks for journalism.〔Gyldensted, Cathrine ("How constructive journalism can improve the way media makers tell stories" ). "IVOH -Media as Agents of World Benefit". 2 September 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 Therefore, instead of solely reporting on conflicts and problems, constructive journalism aims to gain a more comprehensive portrayal of the issues at hand. .〔Albeanu, Catalina ("Why constructive journalism can help engage the audience" ). "Journalism.co.uk". 18 August 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 It aims to expose core causes of problems but also to report on emerging ideas and developments to shift society towards more impartial and sustainable paths.〔Ellis, Justin ("With Knight funding, Solutions Journalism Network wants to grow reporting on positive results in health reporting" ). "Nieman Foundation". 18 January 2014. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 Constructive journalism aims express how change is possible and highlights the role each member of society may play to foster it. Additionally, it strives to strengthen the ethics code of journalism by avoiding the distortion of information in order to provide a more real portrayal of the world. Constructive Journalism attempts to create an engaging narrative that is factually correct without exaggerating numbers or realities. .〔Gyldensted, Cathrine ("Innovating News Journalism through Positive Psychology" ). "University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons". 1 August 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2014.〕 The world's first ph.D. dissertation on constructive journalism was completed at the School of Journalism and Mass Communication at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, by (Dr. Karen McIntyre ). .〔McIntyre, Karen ().〕 == Applications of Constructive Journalism == According to the Danish journalist Cathrine Gyldensted, the Canadian family systems therapist Karl Tomm's four types of therapeutic questioning can be adopted into an interview approach that can also be used by journalists.〔Gyldensted, Cathrine. (“How can we challenge power anew? Try family therapy” ). ''Positive News''. 12 September 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.〕 Tomm’s original framework provides four types of questions a therapist can use in psychotherapy sessions to bring about positive therapeutic outcomes from clients. By using the same model in journalism, similarly constructive answers could be obtained from the interviewee. In what he named the "interventive interviewing" devised to facilitate positive changes in family dynamics, Tomm divides questions into four types based on two intersecting dimensions that make up four quadrants.〔(Karl Tomm og de 4 spørgsmålstyper (Karl Tomm and the 4 types of question) ). ''YouTube.com''. Retrieved 2 December 2014.〕 The first dimension of intentionality differentiates between "orienting questions" that help interviewers (therapists) orient their views about the interviewees (clients) and "influencing questions" that challenge the interviewees' (clients') understanding of themselves. When used outside psychotherapy, such as in journalism, this dimension of intentionality is also interpreted as the temporal dichotomy between past-orientation and future-orientation.〔Myllerup, Bent. ("Your Strategy for Asking Powerful Questions" ). ''agile42''. 7 October 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2014.〕 The second dimension of linear vs. circular assumptions, theoretically based on Gregory Bateson’s works on the nature of mind,〔Bateson, G. ''Steps to an ecology of mind''. New York: Ballantine Books, 1972.〕〔Bateson, G. ''Mind and nature: A necessary unity''. New York: E.P. Dutton, 1979.〕 differentiates between lineal assumptions that take a reductionist, deterministic approach and circular assumptions that take a holistic, systemic approach. The resulting four types of questions are: # Linear Questions ("The Detective"): Basic investigative questions that deal with "Who did what?, Where?, When?, and Why?". This type of questions helps discover the factual aspect of the problem or issue. # Circular Questions ("The Anthropologist"): This type of questions discovers relevant contextual perspective behind the facts. Examples: "How did this affect you (or other things/people/etc.)?" and "What is your explanation for A or B?". # Reflexive Questions ("The Future Scientist"): In reflective questions, the interviewer suggests a new perspective on a given topic, thereby nudging the interviewee to reflect on a new possibility of constructive solutions to the problem or issue. Examples: "What do you think A believes, when he is in that situation?", "How would you approach this problem?", and "What action should be taken in order to do A or B?" # Strategic Questions ("The Captain"): Directs the interviewee into commitment of the solution. Examples: "What should be done?", "Will you do it?", and "When will you do it?" Gyldensted reports that conventional journalists tend to be past-oriented and hence leave out future-oriented questions, especially the “Future Scientist”.〔 For example, in a four-hour press conference with a former Danish prime minister, the press asked 59% “Detective”, 19.4% “Captain”, 18.7% “Anthropologist”, and only 3% “Future Scientist” questions out of a total of more than 130 questions. “As a consequence,” she writes, “() miss out on asking questions that explore new perspectives, solutions and visions, and on triggering actions based on those perspectives.” An ideal, constructive interview requires a balance among all four types of questions, because “()n interview containing all four roles of questioning () reveals the problem and the involved parties (Detective), provides reflection on what has happened (Anthropologist), points towards a solution or maps a bigger vision (Future Scientist), and commits decision-makers (Captain).” These four types of questions, being grounded in family therapy, is especially effective in political journalism, because the interviewer can encourage “mediation in political debates” and hence facilitate constructive collaboration among politicians.〔Gyldensted, Cathrine. (”How journalists could be more constructive – and boost audiences” ). ''The Guardian''. 24 October 2014. Retrieved 3 December 2014.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Constructive journalism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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